Quote:
Originally Posted by Steely Dan
The continued underestimating of how industrial automation also DECIMATED rustbelt employment.
In 1970, US Steel's Gary Works employed 30,000 men with solid union jobs.
That mill singularly propped up the entire economy of the city.
Today, it's still the largest steel mill in the nation, but only employs around 3,000 people.
Not all of the industry left. A lot of it simply didn't need people anymore.
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Even though Brazil is not a developed country, it was also hit badly by deindustrialization. By the late 1980's, manufacturing was 28% of Brazilian GDP. Now it's only 11%. Agribusiness, mining, oil all grew like crazy, stars of Brazilian rise on international arena on the 2000's, early 2010's while the country kept deindustrializing all over this period.
São Paulo metro area became Brazilian biggest city due industrialization (Rio was 8x larger than São Paulo on the first census in 1872), so needless to say it was hit even harder by this process. The city, however, avoided rusting by outsourcing things to just outside its metro area and of course, by becoming the country's primate city.
Quote:
Originally Posted by Acajack
On this front, what happened to Toronto is quite similar to São Paulo. As with most cities Toronto had quite a bit of industry within the city itself historically but towards the latter part of the 20th century it started to migrate away from the city as the city economy became more focused on services and city residents complained about industry due to pollution, etc.
In the case of Toronto (and São Paulo) and unlike the US rust belt, industry that was in Toronto itself simply relocated to other parts of the Greater Toronto Area or a bit further in southern Ontario. Not to other parts of Canada and not that much to places abroad. The Canada-US border insulated southern Ontario from rust belt decline.
Now, due to greater and freer international trade, industrial southern Ontario did end up taking a hit eventually, though it was much later and not as severe as what hit its American neighbours across the border.
(The Canadian government also has a keen interest in keeping southern Ontario healthy as it is the country's economic heartland and the largest concentration of voters in Canada. Whereas the US government has to juggle more balanced regional pressures across the country, plus it tends to be more Darwinistic than Canada when it comes to economic policy.)
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Same thing here. Even though deindustrialization tends to keep going, its critical phase is over. São Paulo and Toronto all dodged the worst effects of it, shielded by their broader regions. In São Paulo's case, the Macrometropolitan Area seems to be successfully migrating from manufacturing to logistics and endless urban sprawl:
de facto São Paulo metropolitan area is already crossed the official region.