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Mr Downtown May 20, 2012 12:39 AM

I'll have to go see it, because I'm usually a fan of European modernism, but I find the big lettering everywhere rather off-putting. Having a version of the current CTA logo on the station is one thing, but the big MORGAN STATION on the bridge beam just seems like an engineering firm's idea of cheap decoration. It's like a tramp stamp for infrastructure, and will be just as regrettable in 30 years.

ardecila May 20, 2012 7:08 AM

Agreed, mostly - the typography isn't even very distinctive. I understand the desire to match the Helvetica of CTA's graphic standards, but as a large-scale piece of public art it just comes off as bland and soulless. It seems almost like the designers were trying to seed a new neighborhood name, but this area is already known as Fulton Market. I suppose there's still time for the name to catch on, though.

Conceptually, I like the idea of CTA starting to use typography in a decorative sense, as super-graphics or some more restrained format, but the current graphic standards are not meant for this.

Also - let's hope the CTA doesn't change logos anytime soon.

BorisMolotov May 20, 2012 4:31 PM

It's funny you said that about the new neighborhood name, in one of the pictures by markh9 at the top of this page because you can see a Fulton Market sign on one of the chimneys of a building behind the station

emathias May 21, 2012 2:53 PM

I was at the Morgan stop yesterday. It looks really good - it's what all the Brown Line stops should have looked like, in my opinion.

Some of the trains don't have announcements with Morgan on them yet. I ate dinner in Douglas Park last night and on the way back downtown on the Pink Line, they announced Clinton after Ashland. They did stop at Morgan, but it wasn't in the announcements.

One of the coolest things, actually, are the cool sculptural bike rakes they have on each corner.

jc5680 May 21, 2012 10:03 PM

More Morgan Station photos via Steven Vance via Grid.

I for one would like a lot more of these. Oversized type and all.










OhioGuy May 21, 2012 10:20 PM

Looks pretty good!

ardecila May 21, 2012 11:02 PM

The new compact LCD screens are great. They don't block sight lines and they don't show a bunch of useless ads whenever you're trying to check the arrival times. Here's hoping they roll 'em out at more stations.

jc5680 May 21, 2012 11:19 PM

I could do without the CDOT signage at the entrances though. Seems confusing, and I don't recall seeing them at other stations. If they are there they certainly aren't as pronounced.

the urban politician May 22, 2012 12:49 AM

AWESOME!

I hope this sets a new design standard for the CTA

Kippis May 22, 2012 2:15 AM

Wow! The Morgan station looks BADASS. I'm just wondering how long it'll take for those idiot street thugs to "rough it up" a little ...

lawfin May 22, 2012 4:27 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by emathias (Post 5707852)
I was at the Morgan stop yesterday. It looks really good - it's what all the Brown Line stops should have looked like, in my opinion.

Some of the trains don't have announcements with Morgan on them yet. I ate dinner in Douglas Park last night and on the way back downtown on the Pink Line, they announced Clinton after Ashland. They did stop at Morgan, but it wasn't in the announcements.

One of the coolest things, actually, are the cool sculptural bike rakes they have on each corner.

Cool where did you eat, I am unfamiliar with any restaurant s in. that area but it certainly has potential, still on the urban frontier at this point


Don't know why its displaying a sad face that was inadvertant

Kingofthehill May 22, 2012 6:15 AM

Yeah, the Morgan station looks great! I saw it last weekend when I was visiting the area. I, too, hope that it can serve as a design template for future CTA developments.

Quote:

Originally Posted by emathias (Post 5707852)
I was at the Morgan stop yesterday. It looks really good - it's what all the Brown Line stops should have looked like, in my opinion.

Some of the trains don't have announcements with Morgan on them yet. I ate dinner in Douglas Park last night and on the way back downtown on the Pink Line, they announced Clinton after Ashland. They did stop at Morgan, but it wasn't in the announcements.

One of the coolest things, actually, are the cool sculptural bike rakes they have on each corner.

Where on earth did you eat down there? :haha:

the urban politician May 22, 2012 12:19 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by lawfin (Post 5708573)
Cool where did you eat, I am unfamiliar with any restaurant s in. that area but it certainly has potential, still on the urban frontier at this point

^ The west loop, with that station being only about a block away from the Randolph St restaurant row, is an 'urban frontier'?

Damn, you're hard to please

sukwoo May 22, 2012 12:57 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by the urban politician (Post 5708723)
^ The west loop, with that station being only about a block away from the Randolph St restaurant row, is an 'urban frontier'?

Damn, you're hard to please

I think he was referring to Douglas Park.

Quote:

Originally Posted by emathias (Post 5707852)
Some of the trains don't have announcements with Morgan on them yet. I ate dinner in Douglas Park last night and on the way back downtown on the Pink Line, they announced Clinton after Ashland. They did stop at Morgan, but it wasn't in the announcements.


Nowhereman1280 May 22, 2012 2:08 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Kingofthehill (Post 5708645)
Where on earth did you eat down there? :haha:

There's some fantastic Mexican places just South of the Park along Cermak. I just bought a 6-flat just off Cermak last week and absolutely HAD to try the Mexican place across the alley while I was down there last night after being tormented by delicious food vapors for an hour or two.

Urban frontier is right, beautiful area, OK people, tons of potential.

emathias May 22, 2012 3:27 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by lawfin (Post 5708573)
Cool where did you eat, I am unfamiliar with any restaurant s in. that area but it certainly has potential, still on the urban frontier at this point
...

Quote:

Originally Posted by Kingofthehill (Post 5708645)
Yeah, the Morgan station looks great! I saw it last weekend when I was visiting the area. I, too, hope that it can serve as a design template for future CTA developments.

Where on earth did you eat down there? :haha:

Quote:

Originally Posted by the urban politician (Post 5708723)
^ The west loop, with that station being only about a block away from the Randolph St restaurant row, is an 'urban frontier'?

Damn, you're hard to please

Started out there, but the place I wanted to try was closed (Sawtooth).

Quote:

Originally Posted by sukwoo (Post 5708738)
I think he was referring to Douglas Park.

Yes, I was.

Quote:

Originally Posted by Nowhereman1280 (Post 5708772)
There's some fantastic Mexican places just South of the Park along Cermak. I just bought a 6-flat just off Cermak last week and absolutely HAD to try the Mexican place across the alley while I was down there last night after being tormented by delicious food vapors for an hour or two.

Urban frontier is right, beautiful area, OK people, tons of potential.

The place I ate was La Casa de Samuel. I've been before, and I love it - they hand-make the tortillas per-order, and have a variety of interesting dishes, including some game dishes you don't often see (venison, goat, squab, alligator, rabbit, rattlesnake, etc). It has four stars on Yelp. It's less than a five minute walk from the California stop on the Pink Line. Most of the customers and servers converse in Spanish and in my experience if you get too far off the basics most of the servers run out of English pretty quickly. But for me that's half the fun.

I had a dish they called Filete En Hoja De Mazorca, which was a fish fillet wrapped with a corn leaf and stuffed with tomato, jalapeno and onions. I really liked it. That one is tilapia, but they also have a similar dish using tuna wrapped in a banana leaf.

Nowhereman1280 May 22, 2012 4:51 PM

I'll have to try that when I'm down there next. That's like 3 or 4 blocks from my building.

lawfin May 22, 2012 5:00 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by the urban politician (Post 5708723)
^ The west loop, with that station being only about a block away from the Randolph St restaurant row, is an 'urban frontier'?

Damn, you're hard to please

Take a breath and read the quoted excerpt and then respond. I am not hard to please if one just responds to what was written instead of reactively jumping to conclusions.

Yes Douglas Park is the urban frontier and it has quite a bit of potential may be a new emerging hot area. Yes you are right the area directly around the Morgan station is not the urban frontier; in fact I ate on Randolph yesterday. Ironic considering you were probably typing while I was eating.

Rizzo May 22, 2012 5:35 PM

The Station looks really nice, but I'm not convinced it will be as forgiving to vandalism and the cold Chicago winters. Polycarbonate panels used as roofing tend to get a grimy appearance fast. And while I realize they are lightweight and easy to swap out, I think a Kalwall solution would have been more appropriate.

I cringe at the stainless steel near the entry. It should be granite. People are going to mar that up with markers and stickers. Someone will lean against it and scrape it up. The fingerprints are enough to distract from the aesthetic of the material.

It also looks like there's lots of "dust shelf" and "garbage gap" opportunities where debris will pile up in the stairways. Anyone who has really looked at the Fullerton and Belmont stations sinced they opened will know what I mean.

Again I find the architecture very nice, but from a maintenance standpoint I'd be very concerned. These issues need to be very well thought out since money for upkeep is tight.

i_am_hydrogen May 23, 2012 5:00 PM

Morgan Station (Morgan & Station)
 
(Taken by me)
















CTA Gray Line May 23, 2012 10:54 PM

Put Chicago on the path to an electrified Metra
 
http://gridchicago.com/2012/put-chic...trified-metra/


Reactions to CDOT’s Chicago Forward Action Agenda vary Quickly: Union Station Master Plan study released today at breakfast on vintage train
Put Chicago on the path to an electrified Metra
by GUEST CONTRIBUTOR on MAY 23, 2012 · 10 COMMENTS AND 6 REACTIONS


Ed. note: Roland Solinski is a graduate student of architecture at Tulane University. “I am a Chicagoan by birth and the city runs in my blood. I’m fascinated by all aspects of urban design and urban systems, but especially transit systems and public space.” Photo is of a southbound Metra Electric train.

In November of 2010, the Chicago Tribune published an article that shocked Metra commuters. In it, Tribune reporters revealed that massive quantities of diesel exhaust were hanging in the air on platforms at Union Station and Ogilvie Transportation Center. Worse, the atmosphere inside each railcar contained the same exhaust at even higher concentrations – 72 times that of a normal city street.

In numerous other cities, commuters do not need to worry about harmful exhaust fumes, because their trains run off of electric power. In fact, many cities installed rail electrification systems at the turn of the last century specifically to eliminate toxic smoke emissions, including the Illinois Central’s line right here in Chicago, now called Metra Electric.

Clean air is just a side effect; electric trains offer a whole range of benefits with enormous potential. Just like a Porsche with a finely-tuned engine, modern electric trains accelerate at a much greater rate than Metra’s outmoded diesel locomotives. Since Metra stops are so close together, particularly in inner suburbs, trains currently spend a lot of time accelerating and slowing down, often not even reaching their 70 MPH speed limit. Alternatively, many Metra trains save precious time by simply running express and skipping whole groups of stations, benefiting outer suburban residents at the expense of inner-suburban and city residents. A fast-accelerating electric train could substantially shorten travel times and improve service for all Metra riders by bringing the train up to top speed faster.

With greatly reduced travel times, Metra could then consider a few new stations along its lines, making additional stops without inconveniencing far suburban riders. These new stations would fall particularly within the City of Chicago, where stations are currently very infrequent (aside from the Metra Electric line). Metra’s own ridership statistics, available on RTAMS, suggest that new stations inside the city would be very popular, so long as Metra’s express trains do not skip them altogether – for example, Ravenswood is currently the busiest station on the UP-North line after Ogilvie itself.



An electric commuter train in Montréal, Québec. Photo by Sean Marshall.

All these facts indicate that electrification could spur significant regional changes. It would enable a new kind of Metra service with 15-minute frequency and faster travel times – essentially an extension of the city’s rapid-transit network. Just like the ‘L’, electrified Metra service could transform Bungalow Belt neighborhoods and inner-ring suburbs into heavily transit-oriented areas, offering them the same fast service into downtown that many city residents currently enjoy while raising property values and encouraging infill development. Through electrification and proper planning, these benefits are achievable at a fraction of the cost of expanding the ‘L’.

In the 21st century, Metra needs to take a long, hard look at electrifying its busiest lines. Partially in response to the diesel-fumes debacle, Metra hosted a workshop on electrification in 2011. More of an industry symposium than a serious study, the workshop’s announcement still gave the impression that Metra was ready to start asking serious questions. However, the workshop documents do not even hint at a plan for Metra to move forward on studying electrification, suggesting that Metra officials are dismissive of the whole concept. In the same documents, those officials cite various reasons and excuses for why electrification wouldn’t work in Chicago – despite the fact that it already does and has for over a century on the Metra Electric.

Although the officials did a good job of laying out the technical challenges, many of those challenges seem to be strongly overstated. One official contends that low clearance on overhead bridges may restrict the installation of modern overhead wire along Metra lines, yet Metra Electric has some of the city’s lowest overpasses and seems to run just fine. In a similar vein, the tall double-stack cars that some freight railroads use to move shipping containers might force Metra to install the wire higher than normal. Finally, the construction of an electric system is expensive, including overhead wire, substations spaced out along the line, and new electric trains themselves.

These objections, however, are not nearly enough to doom electrification to the scrap heap of failed ideas. Instead the health benefits, savings on diesel fuel, and most importantly the faster acceleration and better service are well worth the investment for Chicago, and will save money over time for Metra and Chicago-area taxpayers while spurring sustainable transit-oriented development.



The VIRM electric train in the Netherlands, which is for commuting and intercity passengers, uses a split-level carriage design. You enter on a plane level with the platform and then either traverse stairs going up or down. The platform-level deck, at each end of the carriage, holds the space for passengers with mobility devices or bicycles.

The process would take time. Metra is a patchwork of rail lines owned by various railroads, and each line poses its own challenges – some more difficult than others. Metra itself owns the two Milwaukee District lines, the Rock Island, and the Metra Electric. On these lines, electrification can proceed easily (Metra Electric notwithstanding). The remaining six lines are owned by freight railroads, who would need to agree to the electrification. Initially after installation, Metra could swap out its aging diesel locomotives for electric ones. In fact, Metra could even purchase dual-mode locomotives to start taking advantage of the electric system before it’s even finished. These would produce no fumes and burn no costly diesel fuel on electrified segments of track, and would allow Metra to use its current fleet of railcars. However, they would not have the full benefits of acceleration and improved service. For that, Metra would need to purchase electric multiple units (EMUs) like those that Metra Electric runs. EMUs have no locomotive, but instead are simply a series of passenger cars with small motors in each one that work in sync to move the train.

How much would this all cost? We can get a good sense by looking at Caltrain, which is in the midst of planning an electrification project of its own. Caltrain is very similar to a Metra line, with two tracks, high ridership, and relatively frequent stations. It runs from San Francisco to San Jose, California. Currently, cost estimates for the electrification system are roughly $950 million for 52 miles of track, or $18 million per mile. This is a high end estimate; some projects have cost far less. Amtrak electrified the Northeast Corridor between New Haven and Boston in the 1990s, spending $475 million for 157 miles of track. Adjusted for inflation, that project cost only $4 million per mile.

Metra’s BNSF is a good candidate for electrification; it has Metra’s highest ridership and a series of closely-spaced stations between Cicero and Lisle. Using the two previous cost figures as a range, it would cost between $675 million and $150 million to electrify the 37.5-mile BNSF. This is a huge range to be sure, but even at the high end the cost is only $10,448 for every existing weekday rider. If Metra can hold costs down to Amtrak levels, the cost is only $2,500 per existing rider. When stops like Brookfield, Riverside, and Berwyn start to see much higher service frequencies, the ridership is sure to grow dramatically, increasing revenue. On the other hand, high diesel fuel costs will be replaced with a comparatively low electric bill, decreasing expenses. Both of these changes together create substantial room in Metra’s budget that can go towards the construction and maintenance of an electrified system.

Electrification has the potential to improve or solve many problems facing Metra and the Chicago region. The savings on fuel will improve Metra’s bottom line and make it virtually immune to changing fuel prices, while the elimination of emissions will dramatically improve air quality around each line. Most importantly, electrification could begin to alter the fabric of Chicagoland, stitch the region back together and link inner-ring suburbs both to downtown and to growing areas farther out, all while costing far less than expanding the ‘L’. In an era of ever-shrinking public resources, ever-growing demand for transit, and stiff global competition among cities, Chicago can’t afford to spend too much on transit or to be satisfied with the status quo. Electrifying Metra is the right move to make.

untitledreality May 23, 2012 11:05 PM

^^^ I would love to see this happen, but it seems that having multiple ownerships and freight considerstions really hampers any widespread implementation.

I could see The Metra owned Rock Island making the transition, the proposed SES and possibly the BNSF only if they move it to the LaSalle Street station. But piece mealing various lines that run into Union and Ogilvie seems far fetched. I imagine it being an 'all or nothing' situation.

ardecila May 24, 2012 9:09 AM

I don't see why it needs to be so dramatic. You electrify the lines one by one in a gradual process, starting with the easy ones (Milw, RI, SWS) and moving on to the most difficult ones (BNSF, UP-W). Heritage Corridor isn't worth the expense given ridership levels; neither is NCS.

Nexis4Jersey May 24, 2012 10:54 AM

Here's my Proposed Metra System extensions...etc infill stations...i'm still doing the Map , so I only have the station by Station guide...and only Ogilvie Transportation Center. Picture this an Electrified Ogilvie Network...I will have the Map up by Sunday along with the rest of the Metra Network.

Current , Proposed & Planned Stations

Union Pacific/North Line
Ogilvie Transportation Center
Clybourn
Ravenswood - Evanston
Rogers Park - Evanston
Main Street - Evanston
Davis Street - Evanston
Center Street - Evanston
Wilmette
Kenilworth
Indian Hill - Winnetka
Winnetka
Hubbard Woods - Winnetka
Glencoe
Braeside - Highland Park
Ravinia Park - Highland Park
Ravinia - Highland Park
Highland Park
Highwood
Fort Sheridan
Lake Forest
Lake Bluff
Great Lakes - Lake Bluff
North Chicago
Waukegan
Zion
Winthrop Harbor
Kenosha
North Kenosha - Carthage College
Mount Pleasent
Racine
North Bay - Racine
Oak Creek South
Oak Creek
South Milwaukee
Cudahy
Harborview - Milwaukee
Milwaukee


Union Pacific/West Line
Ogilvie Transportation Center
Kedzie
Oak Park
Riverforest
Maywood
Melrose Park
Bellwood
Berkeley
Elmhurst
Villa Park
Lombard
Glen Ellyn
College Avenue - Wheaton
Wheaton
Winfield
West Chicago
Geneva
La Fox
Elburn
Maple Park
Cortland
Dekalb
Rochelle


Union Pacific/Northwest Line
Ogilvie Transportation Center
Clybourn
Irving Park
Jefferson Park
Gladstone Park
Norwood Park
Edison Park
Park Ridge
Dee Road - Park Ridge
Des Plains
Cumberland - Des Plains
Mount Prospect
Arlington Heights
Arlington Park - Arlington Heights
Palatine
Barrington
Fox River Grove
Cary
Pingree Road
Crystal Lake
Ridgefield
Woodstock
Harvard
Sharon
Clinton
Janesville


Union Pacific/Northwest Line (McHenry Branch)
Ogilvie Transportation Center
Clybourn
Irving Park
Jefferson Park
Gladstone Park
Norwood Park
Edison Park
Park Ridge
Dee Road - Park Ridge
Des Plains
Cumberland - Des Plains
Mount Prospect
Arlington Heights
Arlington Park - Arlington Heights
Palatine
Barrington
Fox River Grove
Cary
Pingree Road
Prairie Grove
McHenry
Johnsburg
Ringwood
Richmond
Genoa City
Pell Lake
Lake Geneva
Elkhorn
Delavan



Next To tackle : Rock Island & Metra Electric Network

Nexis4Jersey May 24, 2012 12:02 PM

Current , Proposed & Planned Stations

Electrified Rock Island Disrect

Rock Island District - Main line
LaSalle Street
'Lou' Jones/Bronzeville
95th Street - Longwood
103rd Street - Washington Heights
Blue Island - Vermont Street
Robbins
Midlothian
Oak Forest
Tinley Park
Tinley Park - 80th Avenue
Mokena - Hickory Creek
Mokena - Front Street
New Lenox
Joliet
Rockdale
Minooka
Morris
Seneca
Marseilles
Ottawa
La Salle



Rock Island District - Beverly Hills Branch
LaSalle Street
'Lou' Jones/Bronzeville
Brainerd
91st Street - Beverly Hills
95th Street - Beverly Hills
99th Street - Beverly Hills
103rd Street - Beverly Hills
107th Street - Beverly Hills
111th Street - Morgan Park
115th Street - Morgan Park
119th Street - Blue Island
123rd Street – Blue Island
Prairie Street - Blue Island
Blue Island - Vermont Street
Robbins
Midlothian
Oak Forest
Tinley Park
Tinley Park - 80th Avenue
Mokena - Hickory Creek
Mokena - Front Street
New Lenox
Joliet


Southwest Service
LaSalle Street
'Lou' Jones/Bronzeville
South Ashland - West Englewood
Wrightswood
Ashburn
Oaklawn
Chicago Ridge
Worth
Palos Heights
Palos Park
Orland Park 143rd Street
Orland Park 153rd Street
Orland Park 179th Street
Laraway Road - New Lenox
Manhattan

Nexis4Jersey May 24, 2012 12:29 PM

Current , Proposed & Planned Stations

Metra Electric - Main line
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
27th Street
Kenwood/47th Street
Hyde Park/53rd Street
55th–56th–57th Street
59th Street
63rd Street
75th Street-Grand Crossing
79th Street-Chatham
Avalon Park-83rd Street
Woodruff-87th Street
Chesterfield-91st Street
95th Street – Chicago State University
103rd Street-Rosemoor
107th Street Station
Pullman/111th Street
Kensington/115th Street
Riverdale
Ivanhoe
147th Street / Sibley Boulevard
Harvey
Hazel Crest
Calumet
Homewood
Flossmoor
Olympia Fields
211th Street-Lincoln Highway
Matteson
Richton Park
University Park
Monee
Pentone
Manteno
Bourbonnais
Bradley
Kankakee


Metra Electric Blue Island Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
27th Street
Kenwood/47th Street
Hyde Park/53rd Street
55th–56th–57th Street
59th Street
63rd Street
75th Street-Grand Crossing
79th Street-Chatham
Avalon Park-83rd Street
Woodruff-87th Street
Chesterfield-91st Street
95th Street – Chicago State University
103rd Street-Rosemoor
107th Street Station
Pullman/111th Street
Kensington/115th Street
State Street
Stewart Ridge
West Pullman
Racine
Ashland
Blurr Oak
Blue Island

Metra Electric Chicago Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
27th Street
Kenwood/47th Street
Hyde Park/53rd Street
55th–56th–57th Street
59th Street
63rd Street
Stony Island
Bryn Mawr
South Shore
windsor Park
Cheltenham
83rd Street
87th Street
South Chicago (93rd Street)


Metra Electric Chicago Heights Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
27th Street
Kenwood/47th Street
Hyde Park/53rd Street
55th–56th–57th Street
59th Street
63rd Street
75th Street-Grand Crossing
79th Street-Chatham
Avalon Park-83rd Street
Woodruff-87th Street
Chesterfield-91st Street
95th Street – Chicago State University
103rd Street-Rosemoor
107th Street Station
Pullman/111th Street
Kensington/115th Street
Golden Gate
Dolton
South Holland
Thorton
Chicago Heights
South Chicago Heights
Crete



Up Next : South Shore Network

orulz May 24, 2012 3:11 PM

As CTA Gray Line notes, the Union Station Master Plan is out.

It's a big report and it makes a lot of recommendations. Here are a few that caught my eye.

1. Through tracks for all platforms are out of the question. The tracks don't line up and demolishing everything built over them to make them line up is just not feasible. Demolishing 222 Riverside would allow for some of the tracks to be linked, but extremely long platforms with a jog in the middle, or two sets of platforms arranged end-to-end with crossovers in the middle, with no discernable way to access them from the head house, is also not particularly useful.
2. Platforms with through tracks CAN be added by converting the old mail platforms.
and/or by building them under Clinton/Canal. (1 level/2 platforms/4 tracks under Canal; 2 levels/2 platforms/4 tracks under Clinton.) Building new tracks under Clinton/Canal will be challenging since it will require slow and expensive stacked drift excavation under Fulton Station Condominums.
3. It will be possible to add a fourth surface-level northern lead track but it will require A. rebuilding the 100 year old CNW viaduct that carries the UP metra lines into Ogilvie (which will need to be done eventually anyway) and B. a small right-of-way dedication from River Point/444 W Lake.
4. The report recommends eventually widening all the south platforms by removing the baggage platforms, but makes no mention of doing the same for the north platforms.

lawfin May 24, 2012 3:48 PM

^^^^On the UP North line there is a proposed station at Peterson that I do not see listed. My sources tell me that this station is as good as set. between ridge and peterson north of peterson. Also neither rogers park nor ravenswood are in Evanston they are firmly in Chicago

lawfin May 24, 2012 3:59 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by CTA Gray Line (Post 5710811)
http://gridchicago.com/2012/put-chic...trified-metra/


Reactions to CDOT’s Chicago Forward Action Agenda vary Quickly: Union Station Master Plan study released today at breakfast on vintage train
Put Chicago on the path to an electrified Metra
by GUEST CONTRIBUTOR on MAY 23, 2012 · 10 COMMENTS AND 6 REACTIONS


Ed. note: Roland Solinski is a graduate student of architecture at Tulane University. “I am a Chicagoan by birth and the city runs in my blood. I’m fascinated by all aspects of urban design and urban systems, but especially transit systems and public space.” Photo is of a southbound Metra Electric train.

In November of 2010, the Chicago Tribune published an article that shocked Metra commuters. In it, Tribune reporters revealed that massive quantities of diesel exhaust were hanging in the air on platforms at Union Station and Ogilvie Transportation Center. Worse, the atmosphere inside each railcar contained the same exhaust at even higher concentrations – 72 times that of a normal city street.

In numerous other cities, commuters do not need to worry about harmful exhaust fumes, because their trains run off of electric power. In fact, many cities installed rail electrification systems at the turn of the last century specifically to eliminate toxic smoke emissions, including the Illinois Central’s line right here in Chicago, now called Metra Electric.

Clean air is just a side effect; electric trains offer a whole range of benefits with enormous potential. Just like a Porsche with a finely-tuned engine, modern electric trains accelerate at a much greater rate than Metra’s outmoded diesel locomotives. Since Metra stops are so close together, particularly in inner suburbs, trains currently spend a lot of time accelerating and slowing down, often not even reaching their 70 MPH speed limit. Alternatively, many Metra trains save precious time by simply running express and skipping whole groups of stations, benefiting outer suburban residents at the expense of inner-suburban and city residents. A fast-accelerating electric train could substantially shorten travel times and improve service for all Metra riders by bringing the train up to top speed faster.

With greatly reduced travel times, Metra could then consider a few new stations along its lines, making additional stops without inconveniencing far suburban riders. These new stations would fall particularly within the City of Chicago, where stations are currently very infrequent (aside from the Metra Electric line). Metra’s own ridership statistics, available on RTAMS, suggest that new stations inside the city would be very popular, so long as Metra’s express trains do not skip them altogether – for example, Ravenswood is currently the busiest station on the UP-North line after Ogilvie itself.

.

This would be great I also think there needs to be a sea change in mind set at Metra. They continually look to fiurther outward expansion for growth. Thus would allow them to look internally for growth and add frequency which I think would do wonders for ridership.....if the north line ran even every .5 hours everfy .25 hours would be fantastic....and with the quicker accleration an additional station or two in the city beyond any planned....kind of ridiculous that evanston has what 3 stations and chicago only has 3 as well....OTC excepted as the terminus

untitledreality May 24, 2012 5:33 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Nexis4Jersey (Post 5711309)
Here's my Proposed Metra System extensions...etc infill stations...i'm still doing the Map , so I only have the station by Station guide...and only Ogilvie Transportation Center. Picture this an Electrified Ogilvie Network...I will have the Map up by Sunday along with the rest of the Metra Network.

I hate to rain on your parade, but I dont think a system that expansive could be justified. For a commuter system some of those lines are far too long of trips... and don't seem to have much potential ridership.

Standpoor May 24, 2012 7:54 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by untitledreality (Post 5711680)
I hate to rain on your parade, but I dont think a system that expansive could be justified. For a commuter system some of those lines are far too long of trips... and don't seem to have much potential ridership.

I am not going to say that those expansions are justified as I cannot even imagine what the ridership would be but most of them don't seem way too long. I did not check the distance on all of them but the end points are between 57-100 miles away from downtown. We already have a commuter train that travels 90 miles in the South Shore train and their ridership from South Bend is pretty good. Yeah 10 miles is a lot to tack on but hopefully with all new tracks, you could make better time than NICTD. I see these expansions as better use of resources than the Star Line, that is dead right, but I would take greater frequency on current lines first.

I will take back everything I said if you do not include a South Shore extension into Michigan paralleling CSX track on your next update. That would really help me out. There is only one bridge between Michigan City and St. Joseph and that would be about equal distance as South Bend, so I cannot imagine that the cost would be astronomical. But that won't happen because there is no way three different States can come together with an acceptable plan.

OT political rant-Those of us that live where four States intersect do believe that there is a place for the federal government in the world. My life is very much affected by the decisions Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan make. Pollution, transportation policy, education, etc. cannot be decided purely in a local void. -end OT political rant. Please feel free to ignore.

Nexis4Jersey May 24, 2012 8:28 PM

Between Population growth and Reverse Ridership I think those extensions are justified. I was just thinking about the servicing the Eastern Illinois , Southern Wisconsin & Northern Indiana as part of a huge Regional Rail network....100 miles of Electrified lines isn't that long , as 100 miles diesel....in terms of Travel times...

Vlajos May 24, 2012 8:31 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by lawfin (Post 5711544)
^^^^On the UP North line there is a proposed station at Peterson that I do not see listed. My sources tell me that this station is as good as set. between ridge and peterson north of peterson. Also neither rogers park nor ravenswood are in Evanston they are firmly in Chicago

If true, that will really help that area.

ardecila May 24, 2012 8:31 PM

Rather than an extension of South Shore, it would be easier just to add frequency to the existing Pere Marquette. A new track connection could allow the Pere Marquette to stop in New Buffalo as well.

Other outward expansions proposed by Nexis could also be operated by Amtrak, particularly the Rock Island (which should really go all the way to Peoria).

The state-subsidy model pretty much makes Amtrak into another commuter-rail agency, one that isn't legislatively restricted to six IL counties.

Nexis4Jersey May 24, 2012 9:15 PM

Current , Proposed & Planned Stations

South Shore Network

Main line
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
55th–56th–57th Street
63rd Street
Hegewisch
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary Airport
Gary Metro Center
Miller
Portage / Ogden Dunes
Dune Park
Beverly Shores
11th Street
Carroll Avenue
Hudson Lake
Lydick
South Bend Airport


Lowell Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
55th–56th–57th Street
63rd Street
Hegewisch
Downtown Hammond
173rd Streeet - Hammond
Highland
Schererville
St. John
Lowell


Valparaiso Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
55th–56th–57th Street
63rd Street
Hegewisch
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary Airport
Broadway - Gary
Interstate 94/65 Park - Ride - Gary
Hobart
Wheeler
Valparaiso



Goshen Extension
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
55th–56th–57th Street
63rd Street
Hegewisch
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary Airport
Gary Metro Center
Miller
Portage / Ogden Dunes
Dune Park
Beverly Shores
11th Street
Carroll Avenue
Hudson Lake
Lydick
La Salle Park
Downtown South Bend / (New Amtrak)
Ironwood Dr - Indiana University South Bend
Mishawaka
Elkhart
Goshen


St. Joesph Branch
Millennium Station
Van Buren Street
Museum Campus/11th Street
18th Street
McCormick Place
55th–56th–57th Street
63rd Street
Hegewisch
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary Airport
Gary Metro Center
Miller
Portage / Ogden Dunes
Dune Park
Beverly Shores
Michigan City North
Long Beach
Michiana Shores
New Buffalo
Union Pier
Bridgman
Lincoln Charter
St. Joesph
Benton Harbor


Next and last : Union Station Network

untitledreality May 24, 2012 9:43 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Standpoor (Post 5711899)
...but most of them don't seem way too long. I did not check the distance on all of them but the end points are between 57-100 miles away from downtown. We already have a commuter train that travels 90 miles in the South Shore train and their ridership from South Bend is pretty good. Yeah 10 miles is a lot to tack on but hopefully with all new tracksI see these expansions as better use of resources than the Star Line, that is dead right, but I would take greater frequency on current lines first.

Here is a quick summary of those fantasy extensions.

UP-N [Kenosha to Milwaukee]
35+ Miles

UP-W [Elburn to Rochelle]
33+ Miles

UP-NW [Harvard to Janesville]
35+ Miles

UP-NW [McHenry to Lake Geneva]
20 Miles

RI [Joliet to LaSalle]
60 Miles

ME [University Park to Kankakee]
25 Miles


I could see an extension to Milwaukee making sense as it would allow easier transit between both cities and could act as a commuter line for people who work in Mailwaukee as well. But none of the others make sense to me as full time lines that flow straight through to downtown Chicago.

Quote:

Originally Posted by Standpoor (Post 5711899)
I see these expansions as better use of resources than the Star Line, that is dead right, but I would take greater frequency on current lines first.

I would take greater frequency on the current lines first as well, but I would take the STAR line over any extension. With so many people both living and working in the outer suburbs creating a collar commuter line that connects to the CTA Blue Line, O'Hare International, NCS, MD-W, UP-W, BNSF and possibly the HC and RI is extended to Joliet makes a great deal of sense if the stations and connections are managed well.

Standpoor May 24, 2012 9:49 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by ardecila (Post 5711946)
Rather than an extension of South Shore, it would be easier just to add frequency to the existing Pere Marquette. A new track connection could allow the Pere Marquette to stop in New Buffalo as well.

Other outward expansions proposed by Nexis could also be operated by Amtrak, particularly the Rock Island (which should really go all the way to Peoria).

The state-subsidy model pretty much makes Amtrak into another commuter-rail agency, one that isn't legislatively restricted to six IL counties.

Yes that would be a lot better and easier to implement. However, I propose the South Shore extension for two reasons.

1. Set price tickets. I routinely do not take Pere Marquette because GRR passengers push tickets to SJM above 20 dollars one way. NICTD South Bend fare is 11.75 so lets assume I can buy a fare from St. Joseph for 14 dollars at the last minute as opposed to being faced with 29 dollar Amtrak tickets.

2. Local funding would pay for South Shore operation, where as Amtrak expansion would hinge on Lansing support. If you can get costs low enough by piggy backing with NICTD, Berrien County could go it alone and not have to worry about convincing Detroit and Lansing politicians that such a connection is worthwhile. Berrien County is Republican territory but the majority I would describe as pragmatic as opposed to dogmatic. Present them with a plan that will have enough upside, and somehow get second homeowners to pay for the majority of the costs, and I could see a local funding source established. I don't see Michigan paying for increased Amtrak usage on its least busy route any time soon.

ardecila May 24, 2012 11:39 PM

The airline-style pricing on Amtrak is a consequence of the limited capacity (since the trains are so infrequent). I believe Hiawatha has fixed prices; so does the Capital Corridor in California.

With regard to the STAR Line: increased frequency on the existing lines is an absolute requirement for the STAR Line to be successful. The whole concept of an orbital line is based on the ability to quickly and easily make a transfer between lines; how are people supposed to do that when the frequency is so low? They'll face 20 or 30 minute waits at the transfer points.

Plus, those transfer points are in the middle of nowhere by design; the EJ&E was laid out a century ago to avoid the town centers. That means the line doesn't have any destinations along it. It would be like the Heritage Corridor or North Central, except with half the ridership and ten times the cost. The entire orbital part of the STAR Line is a gimmick to get all of suburban Chicago to support a line that really only benefits the I-90 corridor.

K 22 May 25, 2012 12:29 AM

Anything new on the new Cermak station on the Green Line? Have they started building it? I read it's going to be two years before it's done.

nomarandlee May 25, 2012 2:28 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by orulz (Post 5711503)
As CTA Gray Line notes, the Union Station Master Plan is out.

It's a big report and it makes a lot of recommendations. Here are a few that caught my eye.

1. Through tracks for all platforms are out of the question. The tracks don't line up and demolishing everything built over them to make them line up is just not feasible. Demolishing 222 Riverside would allow for some of the tracks to be linked, but extremely long platforms with a jog in the middle, or two sets of platforms arranged end-to-end with crossovers in the middle, with no discernable way to access them from the head house, is also not particularly useful..

Ughhhh, I find these report findings to be very disappointing. I was really liking the idea of knocking down 222 Riverside and doing away forever the dark and dingy concourse that sits there. Unfortunately no matter how it is spruced up I think a lifetime of a dark and cramped concourse quarters are in our futures. Shame.

ardecila May 25, 2012 3:18 AM

The report allows for the possibility of demolishing 222 S. Riverside, but only if it is replaced with another office tower. Presumably, this could be designed with huge column spans like the Daley Center and substantial open space at grade and below.

Standpoor May 25, 2012 3:31 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by ardecila (Post 5712144)
The airline-style pricing on Amtrak is a consequence of the limited capacity (since the trains are so infrequent). I believe Hiawatha has fixed prices; so does the Capital Corridor in California.

Which reminds me. A third reason why I would call for a South Shore extension is because of the broken ass system to board Amtrak trains. I have to get to the station at least ten minutes before hand, I have to stand in a crappy line that snakes its way out the door, then show my ticket, then maybe I get stopped by security, then stand in line waiting for the conductor to tell me what car to get into even though I know which one, and then sit in the train waiting for those ten minutes to go by. Or I can just roll over to Randolph station and hop on the old emu's with no worries. Last weekend being the exception.

The good thing about the Union Station master plan is that the short and medium solutions will do a lot to improve operations. Moving ticketing and the Lounge out of the basement, redoing the bathrooms and coach waiting areas, moving escalators, and removing walls will do a lot to open it up. Granted it would be nice to see 222 Riverside go but what I really care about is improving the experience. Get me on and off a train as easily as possible and I will be happy, even if that means that there are no through tracks and 222 stays.

Jenner May 25, 2012 4:25 AM

I was wondering if there was a rail engine that ran exclusively on batteries, and I found these articles:http://rps.psu.edu/indepth/norfolk_southern.html and http://www.nscorp.com/nscportal/nsco...batteries.html. If this technology improves, you wouldn't need to electrify the entire rail line, especially those which are owned by freight companies.

I don't know if the batteries would have enough juice to go the entire day, and power all the remaining passenger cars (lighting, doors, etc).

In fact, here is another article about trying to use fuel cells to power a locomotive http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/new...fuel-cell.html. This is much more experimental than the battery locomotive, but would still be cheaper than converting to an electrified system.

CTA Gray Line May 25, 2012 5:10 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Jenner (Post 5712443)
I was wondering if there was a rail engine that ran exclusively on batteries, and I found these articles:http://rps.psu.edu/indepth/norfolk_southern.html and http://www.nscorp.com/nscportal/nsco...batteries.html. If this technology improves, you wouldn't need to electrify the entire rail line, especially those which are owned by freight companies.

I don't know if the batteries would have enough juice to go the entire day, and power all the remaining passenger cars (lighting, doors, etc).

In fact, here is another article about trying to use fuel cells to power a locomotive http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/new...fuel-cell.html. This is much more experimental than the battery locomotive, but would still be cheaper than converting to an electrified system.


I had an idea like that last year, and created an extremely unsuccessful Website for it: http://regenerativehybridunit.yolasite.com/

denizen467 May 25, 2012 10:48 AM

Also, we discussed something along the lines of battery-powered locomotives a couple months ago, in this thread I think.

CTA Gray Line May 25, 2012 12:44 PM

A man, a mission, a new Metra
 
http://chicagomaroon.com/2012/05/25/...n-a-new-metra/

A man, a mission, a new Metra

One former Chatham resident has drafted a proposal for solving the South Side's transit woes, which most—but not all—have discounted.

by Celia Bever - May 25, 2012 6:13 am CDT

photo: sydney combs/the chicago maroon


The proposed CTA Grey Line "L" Route would run along the Metra tracks closest to the lake. Michael Payne moved to the western suburbs from his South Side home nearly five years ago, but he still remembers the drudgery of commuting into the Loop for his job as an office repairman—and the hour-long bus rides that he had to take to the closest Red Line stop before moving even an inch northward.


These memories, coupled with a lifelong interest in trains, prompted Payne to
work for 16 years on a proposal to improve public transit to the South Side: the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Gray Line L Route Project.

Though neither Metra nor CTA are currently considering his plans, Payne, 63, has opened the way for other projects and has caught the eye of advocates for transit reform.

His stint at a railroad company in the 1970s allowed him to plan, perfect, and
lobby for the Gray Line, which would convert the two inner tracks of the Metra Electric District into L lines. Trains with new decals would run every 10
minutes instead of every hour, as they sometimes do now, and turnstiles and fare boxes would be installed at stations. Metra personnel would continue to staff the trains.


Payne estimates that the project would cost $200 million, create 8,000 to 10,000 permanent jobs, and encompass 40 stops over 25 miles. In contrast, he said, Mayor Rahm Emanuel's proposed Red Line extension would cost about $1.4 billion for three stops along five miles.

The Gray Line was ranked first in a 2003 study of city public transit projects
by the Chicagoland Transportation and Air Quality Commission.

However, CTA found that Payne's plan inadequately addresses South Side
transportation needs that are better served by the Red Line extension, which
would run up to Howard Street, while the Gray Line would stop at Millennium
Park, according to CTA spokesperson Catherine Hosinski.
Payne responded that passengers could transfer from the Gray Line to other CTA trains to go farther north.

Hosinski also said that the Gray Line would not be able to run as frequently as
Payne desired because the Metra tracks cannot be shared between trains as
efficiently as CTA tracks.

Payne claims that the real problem is tensions between Metra and CTA.
"It's completely, 100 percent political," he said.


The Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT) is leaning toward the less
ambitious Gold Line, whose designers were inspired by Payne's work. "The Gray Line wasn't the option the community was most interested in," said Brenda McGruder, the coordinating planner at CDOT.


The Gold Line, spearheaded by Southsiders Organized for Unity and Liberation
(SOUL), would convert only the Metra's South Chicago branch, which runs along Lake Park Avenue. SOUL originally supported the more expansive Gray Line, but opted for a plan that seemed more feasible at the time. "We thought that was the most practical thing to do," SOUL board member Linda Thisted said.

SOUL, along with Fourth Ward Alderman Will Burns, has successfully lobbied for the introduction of a universal fare card for CTA and Metra systems that will take effect in 2015.

Payne, who also anticipated fares as one of the largest hurdles in improving
transportation, is grateful for SOUL's work. "I never could have come up with
that," he said.


While struggling to find support for the Gray Line, Payne was let go from his
repairman job in 2006, leaving him homeless, spending many nights sleeping on
the L for six months.

After finding his current job at a B.P. station outside the city, he moved and
bought a car.

"I'm a gas station attendant. I have no political power whatsoever."
Yet Payne remains optimistic. Social security checks and a discount from a
former employer have allowed Payne to print fliers that he plans to pass out at community meetings and on L stops.

Though the Gray Line would no longer benefit him personally, he has no
intentions of giving up now. "It's been a part of my life for too long," he
said.

Standpoor May 25, 2012 5:25 PM

The weekend needs to get here because I certainly have not been doing much work the past two days. In furtherance of this here are the extensions, I used 39 mph as the average speed for the extensions to estimate the travel times, that may be a little fast but it seemed reasonable. Populations are only for the city limits listed or noted otherwise, as bored as I am I could not do anything more.

line
extension miles, total miles, travel times, population served

UP-N [Chicago to Milwaukee]
32.4 miles, 84.3 miles, 2:29, Milwaukee+Racine 673,000

UP-W [Chicago to Rochelle]
-,74 Miles, 2:05, Rochelle+DeKalb 50,000

UP-NW [Chicago to Janesville]
28.8 miles, 90 miles, 2:28, Sharon+Janesville 65,350

UP-NW [Chicago to Lake Geneva]
19.7 miles, 69.2 miles, 1:54, -

RI [Chicago to LaSalle]
58.6 miles, 99 miles, 2:40, Morris-Seneca-Ottawa-LaSalle 49,039

ME [Chicago to Kankakee]
24.6 miles, 55.6 miles, 1:32, Kankakee-Bradley MSA 113,698

NICTD [Chicago to St. Joseph, MI]
33 miles, 91 miles, 2:30, 60,000 to 65,000 my estimate of SJ/BH area including SJ and Benton townships, etc.

For comparison South Bend is one of the fastest growing in terms of ridership:
South Shore [Chicago to South Bend, IN]
-, 90 miles, 2:25

So the only one that is ridiculously long is out to LaSalle and electrification could drop some of those travel times. What South Shore does is run short trains from South Bend and add cars down the line. Gary Metro I think is one station where they add trains, others could probably help on how that works. So these extensions are not probable, nor worthwhile, but not too long as compared to South Bend.

ardecila May 25, 2012 7:52 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Standpoor (Post 5712962)
So the only one that is ridiculously long is out to LaSalle and electrification could drop some of those travel times. What South Shore does is run short trains from South Bend and add cars down the line. Gary Metro I think is one station where they add trains, others could probably help on how that works. So these extensions are not probable, nor worthwhile, but not too long as compared to South Bend.

You're still thinking of these as primarily commuter lines. Nobody in their right mind will take a 2:40 train trip, twice a day, every day. These trains are really intercity trains, and as such they should run limited-stop through Chicagoland on a very low frequency (every 2 hours, max). The LaSalle line, which should really go to Peoria, would stop at Joliet, Blue Island, and 35th while skipping all the other Rock Island stations. The low frequency would prevent this from mucking up the commuter schedule too much.

Nexis4Jersey May 25, 2012 9:58 PM

METRA RER Network

Metra RER : North Central & BSNF Railway line

Milwaukee Intermodal
West Allis
Parkland Green
Waukesha
Sunset Heights
Mukwonago
Burlington
Silver Lake - Camp Lake

Antioch
Lake Villa
Round Lake Beach
Washington Street - Grayslake
Prairie Crossing / Libertyville
Mundelein
Vernon Hills
Prairie View
Buffalo Grove
Wheeling
Prospect Heights
O'Hare Transfer
Rosemont
Schiller Park
Belmont Avenue
River Grove
Western Avenue
Chicago Union Station
Halsted Street
Western Ave
Cicero
La Vergne
Berwyn
Harlem Avenue
Riverside
Hollywood
Brookfield
Congress Park
La Grange
Stone Avenue
Western Springs
Highlands
Hinsdale
West Hinsdale
Clarendon Hills
Westmont
Fairview Avenue
Downers Grove – Main Street
Belmont
Lisle
Naperville
Route 59
Aurora
Montgomery
Oswego Village Square
Plano
Sandwich



Milwaukee Disrect North line & Heritage Corridor

Richmond
Spring Grove

Fox Lake
Ingleside
Long Lake
Round Lake
Grayslake
Prairie Crossing
Libertyville
Lake Forest
Deerfield
Lake Cook Road
Northbrook
North Glenview
Glenview
Golf
Morton Grove
Edgebrook
Forest Glen
Mayfair
Grayland
Healy
Western Avenue
Chicago Union Station
Brighton Park
Summit
Willow Springs
Lemont
Lockport
Joliet
Presont Heights
Elwood
Wilmington



Milwaukee Disrect West line
Janesville
Beloit
Rockton
Machesney Park
Loves Park
Rockford
Valley View
Belvidere
Marengo
Huntley

Big Timber
Elgin
National Street
Barlette
Hanover Park
Schaumburg
Roselle
Medinah
Itasca
Wood Dale
Bensenville
Mannheim
Franklin Park
River Grove
Elmwood Park
Mont Clare
Mars
Galewood
Hanson Park
Grand/Cicero
Western Avenue
Chicago Union Station

untitledreality May 25, 2012 10:41 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Nexis4Jersey (Post 5713282)
METRA RER Network

Metra RER : North Central & BSNF Railway line


Come on, you can't propose mating a 64,600 ride/day line with a 5,400 ride/day line to form a 150+ mile RER route. Im no transportation expert, but I would think you would want the mating to be as equal as possible. The MD-W with added inner city infill stations to boost ridership would seem like a more logical mate for the BNSF.


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